Difficult one.
Based on the Dutch situation, my guess is that you will not be able to leave Danmark right now. Not only because your C-type visa has expired, but also because the D-type visa you have been given to await definitive admission into Danmark is one-entry. You probably have to renew your passport through the competent Russian representation in Danmark, i.e. the Russian consulate in Copenhagen. If that is impossible, a decision in writing by the Russian authorities may convince the Danes to issue you another visa with which you can travel back and forth to Russia.
This is a guess, really. If you want to know for sure, contact the Danish immigration authorities, and/or the Russians. In any case, I wouldn't just go and see what happens; in all likelihood, as far as Ze Germans are concerned, you have no business in their country.
[ Edit: Edited on 05-Aug-2009, at 07:05 by bentivogli ]