Finland

Quick Facts

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Local name

Suomi

Capital

Helsinki

Government

Republic

Nationality

Finnish

Population

5 316 800^[1]

Languages

Finnish, Swedish

Religions

Christianity (Protestant)

Currency

Euro (EUR) €

Calling Code

+358

Time Zone

EET (UTC+2)

Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Contributors

• Utrecht (49%)
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Introduction

Coastal Chill in Suomenlinna

© All Rights Reserved StephenJen

Despite sharing its eastern border with Russia, Finland lasted the Cold War period without losing its independence to the Soviets. It sustained some considerable economic blows from the downfall of the Soviet Union, but Finland has emerged as a competitive modern economy.

Finnish culture and tradition remains strikingly unique, however. Finns are renowned for their silence; ironically, one of music's finest composers, Jean Sibelius was a Finn. Nature's habit of granting Finland the midnight sun during summer and robbing it of day during winter has a profound effect on national morale. Winter is commonly accompanied by depression; summer brings a time of relief and pleasure-seeking. It is then that many trek through the rugged northern interior, enjoying Europe's largest unspoilt wilderness. Others favour the capital, Helsinki, where Finland's finest art collections are held. Still others simply head for a relaxing sauna.

Brief History

The first evidence of settlements in Finland date from around 8,500 B.C.. Sweden 'colonised' Finland from 1249 until 1809. It resulted in Turku becoming the first capital of Finland. This also was the place where the first Cathedral of the country was built. During the reformation most of the Finns were converted to Lutherism. 1640 saw the opening of the first university in Turku.

In the 18th century Finland was captured twice by Russia. In 1809 when Finland was captured by Russia for the third time, Finland became an autonomous region inside Russia. In the second half of the 19th century Finnish nationalism grew stronger, which resulted in Finland declaring it's independence in 1917 when the Russian Empire fell. This resulted in a civil war between communisists backed by Russia, and the conservatists backed by Germany. The war was won by the conservatists, and Finland became a constitutional democracy. During the second world war Finland was attacked by the Sovjet Union twice, but Finland remained an independent country, but the attacks meant the loss of most of the Karelia territory.

Finnish politics during the cold war has been hugely influenced by the Sovjet Union, without Finland becoming a satellite state. After the downfall of the Sovjet Union, Finland quickly joined the European Union in 1995, and in 2002 replaced the Markka for the Euro.

Geography

Finland shares international borders with Sweden, Norway and Russia. There is ferry service to Estonia, Denmark and Sweden.

Regions

Finland is divided into these six administrative provinces (lääni):

• Eastern Finland
• Finnish Lapland
• Oulu
• Southern Finland - includes the capital Helsinki
• Western Finland
• Åland - an autonomous and group of islands off the southwestern coast of Finland where Swedish is spoken

Cities

• Helsinki - The nation's capital city.
• Turku
• Tampere
• Vantaa
• Espoo
• Oulu
• Rovaniemi
• Ivalo

Sights and Activities

Sauna

The Finns love their saunas. All older Finnish apartment buildings were built with large group saunas in the basement, while in newer buildings each unit has their own little private sauna. The modern sauna or wood sauna can be lots of fun, especially in the country side next to lake that traveller can jump into to cool off, the more traditional smoke sauna is the true Finnish experience.

A smoke sauna is always built in the country side next to a lake and looks similar to a little hut. A fire it lit under rocks inside the hut for several hours then the coals are left on the rocks to slowly let the heat diffuse into the stones. After this the group of people climb into the little hut the inside is covered in soot and ash. In the center of the hut there is a little tub with water that has fresh birch branches resting in it. The people in the smoke sauna take turns hitting themselves and each other while cooking sausages over the rocks. Water is constantly poured onto the rocks making the room hotter and hotter. Finally, after the first person cracks and runs out in the lake, everyone follows to cool off.

Helsinki Nightlife

Although not cheap, the nightlife in Helsinki is one of the best in Europe. Start off with drinking some street beers with a few locals at a major street intersection. Then progress to an amazing dance club were there are more beautiful blonde men and women than the eyes can handle. After that duck out and hit up a few more street drinks before heading to another dance club. In the summer time since the sun never sets one can just dance the sunlight away!

Lapland

Take the trip above the arctic circle to the Lapland. In the summertime it is 24 hours of day light, while in the winter time it is 24 hours of darkness. This location is the traditional home to the Sami, a minority group that lives in northern Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia. The Sami were traditional reindeer herders and some still do it to this day. Also in the Lapland there is some great skiing and hiking.

Other Sights and Activities

• Uspensky Cathedral is a great cathedral on the hill above senate square in Helsinki
• Summer Festivals are great places to dance to great live music with a fun atmosphere as Finns live up the midnight sunlight at countless small towns across the country.
• Hikes and Trekking is a wonderful way to enjoy the pristine wilderness that Finland has to offer.
• Amusement Parks are a fun place to take a ride on a roller coaster in small towns like Tampere.
• Reindeer Sled Rides during the winter time can be enjoyed in Lapland.

Events and Festivals

Mid Summers Eve

Mid Summers Eve also known as the summer solstice and is one of the biggest holidays in Finland and is on June 24 every year. With very long nights during the winters the Fins known when the celebrate the sunlight and boy do they do it in style. Most families go to their summer cottages get the sauna going, the meat cooks, the booze flowing and the bonfire burning. In the traditional Finish celebration of Mid Summers Eve is to build a large bonfire by the lake and let the thing burn. In the more Swedish areas of Finland there might be some maypoles but must Fins always want a bonfire.

Weather

Finland has a moderate continental climate with generally warm summers and cold winters. During summer, temperatures average around 20 °C during the day, a bit more in the south and somewhat cooler in the north. Sometimes, days of more than 30 °C are possible, even in the north.

Winters are cold to very cold, with temperatures in the south of between -5 °C and -10 °C on average and in the north between -10 °C and -20 °C. Nights below -40 °C are not unheard of in the northern parts of Finland.

Precipitation in winter is mostly snow and on average there are about 3 to 4 months with a layer of snow. Finland is not particularly wet though and days of sunny conditions with stable weather can last for weeks, especially during winter.

Getting There

By Plane

The major airport in Finland is the Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (IATA: HEL; ICAO: EFHK). The main airlines that fly in and out of Helsinki are Finnair, Scandinavian Airlines, and Blue1. Remember that many other regional airlines and budget airlines also have service to Helsinki airport. This makes it possible to travel to most places in the world to and from Helsinki with relative ease. There are less frequent international flights at the airports in Tampere, Rovaniemi and Turku.

By Train

The only direct train links to and from Finland are the ones to Moscow and St. Petersburg in Russia.
Between Helsinki and Moscow, there are direct daily overnight trains with 'The Tolstoi', taking roughly 13 hours to cover the routes. Trains are fast and comfortable.
There are two daily trains ('The Sibelius' and 'The Repin') between Helsinki and St. Petersburg, both travelling during the day and evening. One train is Russian, the other one is Finnish. Both trains take about 6 hours to cover the route.
Trains also stop in Lahti, Kouvola and Vainikkala in Finland and in Vyborg in Russia.

By Car

Finland shares borders with Norway, Sweden and Russia. To the latter, there are quite a few border crossings, but be sure to have all your papers (including your Russian visa) in order, otherwise you won't be able to cross into Russia.
Crossings to Norway and Sweden are plentiful and easy.

About 10 border crossings exist between northern Sweden and northern Finland across Tornionjoki and Muonionjoki. The main highway in both countries runs parallel to the border from Tornio/Haparanda to Kaaresuvanto/Karesuando. There are no border controls or other formalities so you can choose to cross as much as you like.

Between Norway and Finland, there are also about six border crossings. The main route to the North Cape goes from Rovaniemi via Inari and Kaamanen to Karigasniemi and there's also a crossing further west at Kilpisjärvi.

There are eight border crossings between Finland and Russia. The main ones are along the Helsinki-Vyborg-St Petersburg route, where there are two: Nuijamaa (Russian side: Brusnichnoe) and Vaalimaa (Russian side: Torfyanovka).

By Bus

Eurolines provides services to and from Russian cities like St. Petersburg, connecting with Helsinki.
Two daily buses provide services to Vyborg and St Petersburg from Helsinki, one of which originates in Turku. There's also one daily bus from Tampere and three weekly buses from Lappeenranta. Check Matkahuolto for more information about prices and schedules.
In the north, Goldlines has buses three times a week between Rovaniemi via Ivalo to Murmansk.

To and from Norway, there are quite a few bus companies which provide services, though services are way less during the wintermonths and some of them only have buses during summer. Eskelisen Lapin Linjat is the main operator. Main routes are from Rovaniemi and continue via Sodankylä and Ivalo or Inari. They then travel further to the Norwegian cities/towns of Karasjok, Lakselv, Tanabru or Kirkenes.
In summer, there is one daily bus Oulu to the North Cape via Rovaniemi, Inari and Karasjok. To the west, a daily bus travels from Oulu to Rovaniemi and Muonio before continuing to Kilpisjärvi and Tromsø, but only during summer. The total trip to Tromsø takes roughly 12 hours.

There are frequent buses between Tornio (Finland) and Haparanda (Sweden), roughly every 20 minutes or so. Tapanis Buss has two buses a week directly between Tornio and Stockholm.

By Boat

Finland has very good boat connections with several neighbouring countries.

Aland

• From Turku to Mariehamn or Långnäs with Viking Line and Silja Line
• From Helsinki to Mariehamn with Viking Line and Silja Line
• From Osnäs (Gustavs, Finland) to Åva (Brändö) with Alandstrafiken
• From Galtby (Korpo, Finland) to Kökar with Alandstrafiken

Estonia

• Nordic Jet has boats running between Helsinki and Tallinn, 1 about every 2 hours starting at 8 am and ending at 7:30 pm. A one way super economy ticket is 28 € but you have to book your tickets online.
• Tallink Silja also has regular service between Helsinki and Tallinn starting at 7:30 am. It also offers services to several other Scandinavian cities.
• Viking Line has a boat that makes its first or last stop in Tallinn before going to Helsinki and then on to Sweden.

Sweden

• RG Line travels between Vaasa and Umea in Sweden, in the central coastal parts of both countries. Boats also travel from Vaasa to the cities of Ornskolvik and Sundsvall.
• Silja Line and Tallink between Turku and Stockholm.
• Viking Line and Silja Line between Helsinki and Stockholm.

Germany

• Silja Line between Rostock and Helsinki.
• Finn Lines between Travemunde and Helsinki.
• Superfast Ferries between Rostock and Hanko, about 90 minutes from Helsinki.

Getting Around

By Plane

Finnair operates a number of domestic flights. Budget airline Blue1 has several connections throughout the country as well, including Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Kuusamo and Oulu.

By Train

Finnish Railways operates an extensive network of trains in the country. The main lines include Helsinki to Turku, Helsinki to Tampere and Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä to Kuopio and Helsinki to Seinäjoki, Oulu and up north to Rovaniemi, the most northern point to be reached by train in Finland. Sleeping berths are available as well as railpasses valid for 3,5 and 10 days of unlimited travel within a month.

By Car

Finland has a well maintained network of roads. There aren't that many highways, but even the other primary and secondary roads are in a good condition, even in winter. There are numerous car rental agencies at airports and cities but it is not really cheap. This also applies to petrol and be especially careful regarding speeding. Speeding tickets are related to income! Traffic drives on the right, you have to use headlights 24 hours a day, and watch out for reindeer and other animals crossing roads. You have to be 20 to 25 years of age (depending on company) and one year of driving experience.

By Bus

For bus tickets contact Matkahuolto. Finland has an extensive network and most routes, even those to smaller towns and villages, have at least daily services, except weekends and holidays. Trains usually are faster but don't cover most areas of the country.

By Boat

Transport on inland rivers and lakes is served by regular waterbuses and ferries. One of the options is the Silver Line between Hämeenlinna and Tampere. There is also a connection between Tampere and Virrat.
Saimaa Ferries operates boats from Lieksa, Nurmes, Koli and Joensuu across the lakes. Lake Paijanne Cruises runs boatservices from Lahti, Heinola and Jyväskylä while Roll Cruises has ferries from Kuopio and Savonlinna. Lake Pielinen has frequent services for both passengers and cars.
Visit the Finnish Tourist Board for complete schedules, prices and services regarding boats, ferries, cruises and other options on boat travel.

Red Tape

If you are a European Union (EU) citizen, you may enter without any restriction as per your EU citizenship rights. If you are not an EU citizen, you will need to obtain a Schengen Visa. This visa is valid for any country in the Schengen zone.

Money

See also: Money Matters

Finland has adopted the Euro (ISO code: EUR, symbol: €) as its official currency. One Euro is divided into 100 cents, which is sometimes referred to as eurocents, especially when distinguishing them with the US cents.

Euro banknotes come in denominations of €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200, €500. The highest three denominations are rarely used in everyday transactions. All Euro banknotes have a common design for each denomination on both sides throughout the Eurozone.

The Euro coins are 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents, €1 and €2. (Finland got rid of the 1 cent and 2 cents coins shortly after the introduction.) Some countries including Finland in the Eurozone have a law which requires cash transactions to be rounded to the nearest 5 cents. All Euro coins have a common design on the denomination (value) side, while the opposite side may have a different image from one country to another. Although the image side may be different, all Euro coins remain legal tender throughout the Eurozone.

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Language

The two official languages in Finland are Finnish and Swedish. The Swedish is spoken by only 6% of the population, and other languages, though not as commonly spoken, are Russian, Estonian, English, Somali, Sami and Arabic. Luckily almost everyone knows enough English as a second language in order to be conversational.

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